Which structure in the eye is responsible for converting light into neural signals?

The retina is the structure in the eye responsible for converting light into neural signals. It is a thin layer of tissue located at the back of the eye, containing photoreceptor cells known as rods and cones. These cells detect light and color, translating visual stimuli into electrical impulses. Once the photoreceptors capture light, they send these signals through a series of neurons in the retina, ultimately transmitting the information to the brain via the optic nerve for visual processing.

The pupil serves as an aperture that regulates the amount of light entering the eye but does not participate in the conversion of light into signals. The lens focuses the light onto the retina, but it also does not play a role in the conversion process. Similarly, the cornea helps in refocusing light as it enters the eye but is not involved in converting light into neural signals. Thus, the retina is uniquely equipped for the critical task of transforming light into the neural activity essential for vision.